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Optical and infrared imaging of planetary nebulae is being carried out at ground-based and space-based telescopes to derive the morphological structure and the spatial distribution of dust in planetary nebulae.
The Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope is being used to obtain optical and near-infrared imaging of planetary nebulae. Figure 1 shows the [N II] image of NGC 2440, showing a multi-polar structure of the object. Figure 2 shows the molecular hydrogen image of NGC 4406 obtained with the CFHT Wide-Field Infrared Camera, showing jets emerging from an equatorial ring.
Figure 1
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Figure 2
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A variety of young planetary nebulae was observed with the Hubble Space Telescope. Figure 3 shows the discovery of qudraopolar structure in NGC 6881 (Kwok & Su, 2006, Astrophys. J., 635, L49), and Figure 4 shows the discovery of multiple 2-D rings in Hb 12 (Kwok & Hsia, 2007, Astrophys. J., 660, 341).
Figure 3
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Figure 4
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The Spitzer Space Telescope Infrared Array Camera is being used to investigate the infrared properties of planetary nebulae. An IRAC picture of the Dumbbell Nebula is shown in Figure 5 (Kwok et al. 2008, Astrophys. J., 689, 219). Infrared counterparts of planetary nebulae in the Galactic Legacy Infrared Mid-Plane Survey are being systematically studied (Kwok et al. 2008, Astrophys. J. Suppl., 174, 426).
Figure 5
Mid-infrared imaging of planetary nebulae and proto-planetary nebulae are performed with the TReCX camera of Gemini South and the Michelle instrument at Gemini North. Figure 6 shows a 20 mm image of Hen 3-401 (Mariappan et al. 2006, Astrophys. J., 640, 353).
Figure 6
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